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John Joseph Montgomery (February 15, 1858 – October 31, 1911) was an American inventor, physicist, engineer, and professor at Santa Clara College in Santa Clara, California who is best known for his invention of controlled heavier-than-air flying machines. In the 1880s Montgomery, a native of Yuba City, California made manned flight experiments in a series of gliders in the United States in Otay Mesa near San Diego, California.〔(The Montgomery Evergreen ) Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum〕|name=Origin}}〔〔Berriman, Algernon E. Aviation. An Introduction to the Elements of Flight, Methuen & Co., London, 1912. pp. 213-214.〕〔"Montgomery's Gliding Experiments", in Hayward, Charles B. ''Practical Aeronautics: An Understandable Presentation of Interesting and Essential Facts in Aeronautical Science.' Chicago: American School of Correspondence, 1912.〕 Although not publicized in the 1880s, these early flights were first described by Montgomery as part of a lecture delivered at the International Conference on Aerial Navigation at Chicago, 1893.〔Zahm, Albert F. (1923) “Catholic Contributions in the Field of Aeronautics” in Benson, William Shepherd, James J. Walsh, Edward J. Hanna, and Constantine E. McGuire. ''Catholic Builders of the Nation: A Symposium on the Catholic Contribution to the Civilization of the United States.'' Boston: Continental Press.〕〔Pritchard, J.L. The Book of the Aeroplane, Longmans, Green and Co., 1926, p.17.〕 These independent advances came after flights by European pioneers such as George Cayley's coachman in England (1853) and Jean-Marie Le Bris in France (1856).〔''The Journal of San Diego History'', July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3.〕 While Montgomery himself never claimed firsts, his flight experiments of the 1880s are considered by some historians and organizations to have been the first controlled flights of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America,〔''National Cyclopedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, & Defenders of the Republic, etc…'', Edited by Distinguished Biographers, James T. White & Co. Volume XVI, 1916.〕〔Mark D. Ardema and Joseph Mach, Santa Clara University School of Engineering, and William J. Adams, Jr., "John Joseph Montgomery, 1883 Glider: An International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark, Designated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, May 11, 1996, at Hiller Aircraft Museum and Santa Clara University" (brochure, 11 pp.)〕 or in the Western Hemisphere〔"Montgomery First to Conquer the Air: Austrian Officials after Inquiry Give Palm to California Inventor," ''San Francisco Examiner'', May 16, 1909. See also "Conquering the Air," ''San Francisco Monitor'', June 12, 1909.〕〔Jacobs, James W. "John Joseph Montgomery." In James W. Jacobs, ''Enshrinee Album: The First Twenty-One Years,'' 134 Montgomery devised different control mechanisms for his gliders including weight shifting for roll and an elevator for pitch (1884), and subsequent designs incorporated hinged, pilot-operated trailing edge flaps on the wings (1885-1886) for roll control,〔"Machine with Wings Upsets Theories," "Years of Research Applied to Solving the Problem," ''San Jose Mercury Evening News'', March 31, 1905.〕〔"Third Tests Are All Successful," ''San Francisco Bulletin'', March 26, 1905.〕〔〔Hayward, Charles B. (ed.) (1912) ''Practical Aeronautics'', American School of Correspondence, Chicago.(Introduction written by Orville Wright)〕 leading to full wing warping systems for roll (1903-1905)〔Chanute, Octave. (1907) "Montgomery." In: ''Pocket-Book of Aeronautics'', edited by Hermann. W. L. Moedebeck, translated by W. Mansergh Varley, Vol. 309, No. 10. London: Whittaker and Co.〕 and full wing warping systems for both pitch and roll (1911).〔Campi, Richard B. (1961) "Description and Analysis of the 1911 Montgomery Controllable Man Carrying Glider." Working paper, December 29, 1961.〕 ==Ornithology== In the early 1880s Montgomery began studying the anatomy of a variety of large soaring birds to determine their basic characteristics (i.e., wing area, total weight, curved surfaces). He made detailed observation of birds in flight, especially large soaring birds such as eagles, hawks, vultures and the American pelicans who soared on thermals near San Diego Bay. He initially attempted to achieve manned flight through ornithopters. In 1883, he built and experimented with a series of three ornithopters but found that human strength was insufficient to generate the necessary lift. Later that year he abandoned flapping-wing flight, preferring instead to emulate soaring birds through fixed-wing craft. He reasoned that it would be possible to solve the physics of gliding and soaring flight and then add motive power at a later time. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Joseph Montgomery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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